1)BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

-Concept of Business Environment

-Business

-Characteristics of  Business Environment

-Components of Business Environment

-Internal Environment (Micro Environment)

-External Environment (Macro Environment)s

*Task Environment (Stakeholders)

*General Environment

-Analysis of Environment

2)Business

Business denotes activities related to industries,commerce and profession.It is engaged inproduction,purchase and marketing of products.Products can be goods,services,ideas and informations.Products satisfy customers needs and wants.

Goals Of Business:

-Profit

-Growth

-Servival

-Leadership

-Efficiency

-Social Responsibility

 Business Environment

                 Business Environment refers to all internal and external fores which influences the development,performance and outcomes of a business.It consists of forces that influences business to attain its goals.The forces in the Business Environment can be Internal and External.

        “Business Environment is the sum total of the environmental factors which provides an atmosphere for Business.”

                                                                                                                                                                          -V.P Micheal

3)Characteristics Of Business Environment

*Complex

*Dynamic

*Multi-faceted

*Far-reaching impact

4)Components Of Business Environment

·           Increasing uncertainities resulting from increasing complexity.

·           Increasing competition resulting from increasing Globalization.

·           Increasing technological change resulting from increased emphasis on R&D.

The components can be divided into:

a)Internal Environment (Micro Environment)

         Internal Environment consists of conditions and forces within the business organization that affects its performances and outcomes.

b)External Environment (Macro Environment)

        External Environment can be defined as all elements outside an organization that are relevant to operations.

5)External Environment can be divided into:

i)Task Environment

-Customers

-Suppliers-Competitors

-Financial Institutions

-Pressure Groups,etc

ii)General Environment

-Political (P)

-Economical (E)

-Socio-cultural (S)

-Technological (T)

6)Political-Legal Environment:Forces in the political environment consist of factors relating to management of public affairs.

A) Political Environment

a)Political System

b)Political Institution

c)Political Philosophy

d)Pressure Groups

-Legal Environment

a)Businss Laws

b)Courts of Law

c)Law Administrators

B) Economical Environment: Economic environment refers to all economic surroundings that influences business activities.It includes resource allocation,costs and profits of business organizations.

a)Economic System

b)Economic Policies

c)Economic Conditions

d)Globalization

C) Socio-cultural Environment: Business organization operate in the society.They exist in the society to fulfill the needs of society. It refers to all the surroundings that influences business.

a)Social Environment

b)Cultural Environment

D) Technological Environment: Technological environment refers to all the technical surroundings that influences business by methology of converting inputs into outputs.

a)Level of technology

b)Speed of technology change

c)Technology transfer

d)Research & Development

Business Environment & SWOT

      *Strengths

*Weaknesses

*Opportunities

*Threats

7)Analysis of Environment

Environmental analysis is the process by which strategists monitor the economic,legal,competitive,geographic and technical settings to determine opportunities and threats to their firms.

Analysis Process:

-Scanning

-Monitoring

-Forecasting

-Assesement

Balanced Scorecard Basics

The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used extensively in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. It was originated by Drs. Robert Kaplan (Harvard Business School) and David Norton as a performance measurement framework that added strategic non-financial performance measures to traditional financial metrics to give managers and executives a more 'balanced' view of organizational performance. While the phrase balanced scorecard was coined in the early 1990s, the roots of the this type of approach are deep, and include the pioneering work of General Electric on performance measurement reporting in the 1950’s and the work of French process engineers (who created the Tableau de Bord – literally, a "control panel" of performance measures) in the early part of the 20th century.
The balanced scorecard has evolved from its early use as a simple performance measurement framework to a full strategic planning and management system. The “new” balanced scorecard transforms an organization’s strategic plan from an attractive but passive document into the "marching orders" for the organization on a daily basis. It provides a framework that not only provides performance measurements, but helps planners identify what should be done and measured. It enables executives to truly execute their strategies.
This new approach to strategic management was first detailed in a series of articles and books by Drs. Kaplan and Norton. Recognizing some of the weaknesses and vagueness of previous management approaches, the balanced scorecard approach provides a clear prescription as to what companies should measure in order to 'balance' the financial perspective. The balanced scorecard is a management system (not only a measurement system) that enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action. It provides feedback around both the internal business processes and external outcomes in order to continuously improve strategic performance and results. When fully deployed, the balanced scorecard transforms strategic planning from an academic exercise into the nerve center of an enterprise.
Kaplan and Norton describe the innovation of the balanced scorecard as follows:
"The balanced scorecard retains traditional financial measures. But financial measures tell the story of past events, an adequate story for industrial age companies for which investments in long-term capabilities and customer relationships were not critical for success. These financial measures are inadequate, however, for guiding and evaluating the journey that information age companies must make to create future value through investment in customers, suppliers, employees, processes, technology, and innovation."


Adapted from Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, “Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System,” Harvard Business Review (January-February 1996): 76.
Perspectives
The balanced scorecard suggests that we view the organization from four perspectives, and to develop metrics, collect data and analyze it relative to each of these perspectives:
The Learning & Growth Perspective
This perspective includes employee training and corporate cultural attitudes related to both individual and corporate self-improvement. In a knowledge-worker organization, people -- the only repository of knowledge -- are the main resource. In the current climate of rapid technological change, it is becoming necessary for knowledge workers to be in a continuous learning mode. Metrics can be put into place to guide managers in focusing training funds where they can help the most. In any case, learning and growth constitute the essential foundation for success of any knowledge-worker organization.
Kaplan and Norton emphasize that 'learning' is more than 'training'; it also includes things like mentors and tutors within the organization, as well as that ease of communication among workers that allows them to readily get help on a problem when it is needed. It also includes technological tools; what the Baldrige criteria call "high performance work systems."
The Business Process Perspective
This perspective refers to internal business processes. Metrics based on this perspective allow the managers to know how well their business is running, and whether its products and services conform to customer requirements (the mission). These metrics have to be carefully designed by those who know these processes most intimately; with our unique missions these are not something that can be developed by outside consultants.
The Customer Perspective
Recent management philosophy has shown an increasing realization of the importance of customer focus and customer satisfaction in any business. These are leading indicators: if customers are not satisfied, they will eventually find other suppliers that will meet their needs. Poor performance from this perspective is thus a leading indicator of future decline, even though the current financial picture may look good.
In developing metrics for satisfaction, customers should be analyzed in terms of kinds of customers and the kinds of processes for which we are providing a product or service to those customer groups.
The Financial Perspective
Kaplan and Norton do not disregard the traditional need for financial data. Timely and accurate funding data will always be a priority, and managers will do whatever necessary to provide it. In fact, often there is more than enough handling and processing of financial data. With the implementation of a corporate database, it is hoped that more of the processing can be centralized and automated. But the point is that the current emphasis on financials leads to the "unbalanced" situation with regard to other perspectives. There is perhaps a need to include additional financial-related data, such as risk assessment and cost-benefit data, in this category.
Why Implement a Balanced Scorecard?
• Increase focus on strategy and results
• Improve organizational performance by measuring what matters
• Align organization strategy with the work people do on a day-to-day basis
• Focus on the drivers of future performance
• Improve communication of the organization’s Vision and Strategy
• Prioritize Projects / Initiatives

CONTENTS


• Introduction

Routine Management System is the project for managing the routine digitally in a computerized way. This project ‘Routine Management System is a real life project which can be put on the webserver either local or World Wide Web (www) in order to access it.



The application of this project is targeted to the Colleges and schools where computerized system is being implemented. this system will reduce the work load of the teachers.


• Aims and objectives


The aim of this project is to build an interactive web site to replace file based database making it easier for its client and staff to find information required efficiently.

The aim of this project is making user friendly and informative application.


This project is aimed to reach the following goals
 User friendly interface for all users.
 Clients can browse through different range of hotels availability type their requirements of room ,number of rooms etc from anywhere
 Owners can check their property status
 Staff can communicate with client and private owner through medium like email.


• Database solution for this project

 getting instant information about class routine, teacher and subject.
 providing the information quickly and efficiently.


• Purpose of this project
 Change the old way of file based system with a new interactive web pages
 Provides user quick and ready information.
 User friendly.


• Advantages of this project

 Website with very small size file which reduces the loading time.
 Listing of information are easy to find.
 User friendly.
Background
• Internet
Anyone with an access to the Internet can exchange text, data files, and programs with any other user and now a days most people use it for their different needs like Studies, Research, shopping, emails, jobs etc. The jobs it does are endless.

• Database
A database is a collection of data that is organized so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.
Data is information that has been translated into a form that is more convenient to move or process.

• Relational Database
In relational database all data is logically structured within relations(tables).Each relation has a name and is made up of named attribute(column)of data.Each row contains one value per attribute.The great strength of the relational model is its simple logical structure.

• SQL
It is the language used to manipulate relational databases. . SQL is tied very closely with the relational model. In the relational model, data is stored in structures called relations or tables. SQL allows users to access data in relational database management systems, such as Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, and others.

• PHP
PHP is a powerful server-side scripting language for creating dynamic and interactive websites. The PHP syntax is very similar to C. PHP is often used together with Apache (web server) on various operating systems. It also supports ISAPI and can be used with Microsoft's IIS on Windows. A PHP file may contain text, HTML tags and scripts. Scripts in a PHP file are executed on the server.

• PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
• PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP
• PHP scripts are executed on the server
• PHP supports many databases (MS ACCESS, MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC etc.)
• PHP is an open source software (OSS)
• PHP is free to download and use.






User manual

The website contains two parts:
1. Admin Section
2. User Section

ER Diagram

Context Diagram




Search information




Inputs information



Provides routine
info
views routine details





provides access to system








Fig: Context Diagram















DFD




































Fig: Data Flow Diagram




GANTT CHART
Phase Job Description November December
1st WK 2nd WK 3rd/4thWK 1st/2nd WK 3rd WK 4th WK
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S
Requirement Analysis
Functional Analysis
REVIEW
Process Modeling

D
E
S
I
G
N
Interface Design
REVIEW

Menu Navigation

Internal Design

IM
PL
EM
EN
TA
TI
ON

Documentation


REVIEW

Presentation

REVIEW













Conclusion

This project gives a new looking website to replace file based system.Routine Management System is wel-suited for using file based system. Totally new concept for admin and client and private user it will make easier for everyone involved.
Futher enhancement of the project is going on which will include attendance management system for the staff and students.




























Reference

Books

1 Database systems by Thomas Connolly
2 Information Technology project management
3 Mysql/Php database application
4 Oracle 10g

Internet
www.php.net

www.w3school.com

www.hotscript.com

www.google.com

www.howstuffworks.com

             CERTIFICATE OF PROJECT COMPLETION

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

KANTIPUR CITY COLLEGE

AFFILIATED TO PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY

PUTALISADAK, KATHMANDU

Date: 6^th Jan 2011

This is to certify that the work carried out by Pushpita Shrestha for the completion of the project, entitled “Routine Management System”, has been accomplished successfully.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As we know the project work is a challenging job  for me as student, still I had tried to do  my best .It would have been impossible for me  to complete this  project without the guidance of my respected teachers and my  friends.

I wish to express my thoughtful thanks to everyone who has been helpful to me throughout the completion of this project.

Also I am debted to the environment of my college and the class mates who had  extended their help and cooperation in many ways to  finalize this project.

 

Lastly, I hope this program would be very advantageous to all the users.

ABSTRACT

This project ‘Routine Management System’ is a real life project which can be put on the webserver either local or World Wide Web (www) in order to access it.

The project can be used as Intranet basis as well as Internet basis as per the requirement.

Since, PHP and MySQL is used as server-side technology, it can be run on IIS or Apache server. This same project can be run on Mac, Unix and Windows without any modification in the code.

The requirements for the project were Apache Server, MySQL, Dreamweaver, photoshop for the design purpose(static). We have used XAMP 5 1. which comes with packed version of both Apache and MySQL Admin.

The time schedule was managed as per proposed earlier. I tried my best to submit the work on time. There are still some further enhancements which can’t be put forward because of shortage of time for example, user access to various routines and editing the current routine with the time inputss

PHP Projects

      

ABSTRACT

This project ‘NRES Travel Agency’ is a real life project which can be put on the webserver either local or World Wide Web (www) in order to access it.

The project can be used as Intranet basis as well as Internet basis as per the requirement.

Since, PHP and MySQL is used as server-side technology, it can be run on IIS or Apache server. This same project can be run on Mac, Unix and Windows without any modification in the code.

The requirements for the project were Apache Server, MySQL, Dreamweaver, photoshop for the design purpose(static). We have used WAMP5 1.4.3 which comes with packed version of both Apache and MySQL Admin.

The time schedule was managed as per proposed earlier. We tried our best to submit the work on time. There are still some further enhancements which can’t be put forward in shortage of time for example, trekking packages, holiday packages and online ticketing without visiting the office.

CONTENTS

 

·     Introduction

NRES Travel Ageny is the web based travel agency. This project ‘NRES Travel Agency’ is a real life project which can be put on the webserver either local or World Wide Web (www) in order to access it.

The application of this project is targeted to the Travel Agency which is the growing industry in the present context. This agency helps the clients for reservation of available hotels and airlines.

·     Aims and objectives

The aim of this project is to build an interactive   web site to replace file based database making it easier for its client and staff to find information required efficiently.

The aim of this project is making user friendly and informative website

This project is aimed to reach the following goals

  User friendly interface for all users.

  Clients can browse through different range of hotels availability, type                           rent ,number of  rooms etc from anywhere

  Owners can check their property status

  Staff can communicate with client and private owner through medium like email.

·        Database solution for this project

         Getting instantly information about avaibility, type, rent and price of the property.

         Providing the information quickly and efficiently.

·        Purpose of this project

       Change the old way of file based system with a new  interactive web pages

         Provides user quick and ready information.

         User friendly.

• Advantages of this project

         Interesting site: web side with very small size file which reduces the loading time.

         Listing of information are easy to find.

         User friendly.

Background

• Internet

Anyone with an access to the Internet can exchange text, data files, and programs with any other user and now a days most people use for their different needs like Studies, Research, shopping, emails jobs etc the jobs it does are endless.

• Database

A database is a collection of data that is organized so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. data is information that has been translated into a form that is more convenient to move or process.

·      Relational Database

In relational database all data is logically structured within relations(tables) .each relation has a name and is made up of named attribute (column)of data .each row  contains one value per attribute. a great strength of the relational model is this simple logical structure.

• SQL

It is the language used to manipulate relational databases. . SQL is tied very closely with the relational model. In the relational model, data is stored in structures called relations or tables. SQL allows users to access data in relational database management systems, such as Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, and others.

• PHP

PHP is a powerful server-side scripting language for creating dynamic and interactive websites. The PHP syntax is very similar to Perl and C. PHP is often used together with Apache (web server) on various operating systems. It also supports ISAPI and can be used with Microsoft's IIS on Windows. A PHP file may contain text, HTML tags and scripts. Scripts in a PHP file are executed on the server.

         PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

         PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP

         PHP scripts are executed on the server

         PHP supports many databases ( MS ACCESS, MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase,                Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.)

         PHP is an open source software (OSS)

         PHP is free to download and use.

User manual

 The website contains two parts:

                               1. Admin Section

                                2. Client Section

1.Admin Section

  It has following steps:

  Login Page:

   Provide the Username and Password to login to access the admin control panel.

  

After login admin can manage all the contents of sites.

There are 10 links in the contents.

Home:

It will redirect the page to admin homepage.

Manage Flight:

Admin can add the flight name and description. The added information will be displayed above. It can be edited and delete if there is some mistakes to correct it. After insertion of flight name and description, admin can add details of the flight by clicking the “Add Details” link.  After clicking this link the Add detail flight form for respective flight will be displayed. Admin can insert the details like source, destination, flight date, flight time, flight duration and price. It can be edited, deleted respectively.

Manage Hotel:

Admin can add the new hotel information like hotel category e.g., 1 star, 2 star etc, Hotel name and description. After adding information it can be edited, deleted respectively, if needed.

Mange Hotel Detail:

Firstly, Admin will ask to select hotel name to view the information of respective hotel. After selecting the hotel name, admin can add hotel detail like room selection (which was added in manage room section will come below), Number of adults and price of per day. Added information can be deleted, if needed.

Manage Room:

Here admin can manage all the type of rooms that will be available. Admin can add, edit and deleted the room information. The added room name will be displayed in Manage Hotel Detail link under room’s type.

Manage Client:

The admin can view all the registered clients detail from here.

Manage Hotel Booking:

Admin can view all the booking detail of the hotel from this link. Admin can see all the necessary information for booking like hotel name, room, no of adults, price, booked date and the detail information of client who booked it.

Manage Flight Detail:

Admin can view all the booking detail of the flight from this link. Admin can see all the necessary information like flight name, source, destination, date, time, duration, price, booked date and the detail information of client who booked it.

Manage Setting:

Admin can control his access information from here. Admin can change the password which is needed for security reason to protect from intruders.

Logout:

For security reason, admin need to logout from the control panel.

All these added information will be shown in client part. So admin need to be very precise about all the information added.

Client Section

Client will choose from what he/she needs under browse the category.

HOTEL BOOKING

For hotel booking, he will see all the hotel information available. He can choose the hotel and see all the necessary information of that hotel. He can book the hotel as per his requirements. To book hotel he needs to be registered client. If he is the registered client, he will login and confirm the booking if not he will need to be registered first.

Flight booking

For Flight booking, he will see all the flight information available. He can choose the flight airline name and see all the necessary information of that flight He can book the flight as per his requirements. To book flight he needs to be registered client. If he is the registered client, he will login and confirm the booking if not he will need to be registered first.

 Register here

New user need to be registered. Registration form will be displayed to register from the link “Register here” in homepage.

After logging to the site, remember to log out for security reason from the right side.

There are lots of places where we can enhance more features later. It is made in that way that it can be scalable. It has flexibility to adjust the changes if required.

ER Diagram

Context Diagram

Fig: Context Diagram

DFD

Fig: Data  Flow Diagram

Level one DFD

GANTT CHART

Phase	Job Description	April			May
		2ndWK	3rd WK	4thWK	1stWK	2nd WK	3rdWK
A N A L Y S I S	Requirement Analysis
	Functional Analysis		Review
	Process          Modeling
D E S I G N	Interface Design			Review
	Menu Navigation
	Internal Design
IM PL EM EN TA TI ON	Documentation						Review
	Presentation						Review

Conclusion

This project gives a new looking website to replace file based system. NRES Travel Agency is perfectly suited to travel and tours who are using file based system. Totally new concept for admin and client and private user it will make easier for everyone involved with this Agency.

Recommendation for further  work Further works can be done on the website like  including  tour package, holiday package ,making some interactive pages where  client can register directly etc.

Reference

Books

1 database systems by Thomas Connolly

2  information technology project management

3 mysql/php database application

Internet

www.php.net

www.w3school.com

 www.hotscript.com

www.google.com